Control of VCSEL emission for better high-speed performance

ABSTRACT

A device includes a VCSEL, an optical fiber, and a lens. The VCSEL generates optical light signals having a spatial emission pattern based around an axis of emission. Light signals emitted from the VCSEL substantially along or near the axis of emission are known as high speed modulation patterns. Light signals emitted at angles away from the axis of emission are known as slow speed modulation patterns. Slow speed modulation patterns become slower as the angle between the emitted light signals and the axis of emission increase. The lens is selectively positioned between the VCSEL and the optical fiber for focusing the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber, and the lens substantially does not focus the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber.

CONTROL OF VCSEL EMISSION FOR BETTER HIGH-SPEED PERFORMANCE

[0001] This non-provisional application claims the priority of the earlier filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/344,449, filed Nov. 1, 2001. U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/344,449 is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention pertains to the field of optoelectronics. The invention more particularly concerns a device which selectively controls the emission pattern of a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL).

[0004] 2. Discussion of the Background

[0005] VCSELs are key devices used in transceiver subassemblies for high-speed optical communication. The LED-like structure makes the VCSEL a better light source in optical transceiver modules than the edge emitting laser diode. The advantages of a VCSEL arise from its easy testing, easy packaging, and low power consumption. However, the emission pattern dependent high-speed optical waveforms produced by VCSELs can cause significant problems at high data transmission rates.

[0006] It has been determined that the modulation speed of light out of a VCSEL is a spatial function of its emission angle. FIG. 1 is a side view of a VCSEL 1. An axis of emission 5 is oriented normal or perpendicular to a surface plane 2 of the VCSEL 1. The surface plane 2 of the VCSEL 1 runs into and out of the paper of FIG. 1. In general, the larger the angle θ from perpendicular, the slower the modulation speed of the emitted light from the VCSEL 1. FIG. 1 shows that a fast pattern of light 3 is emitted from the VCSEL 1 along the axis of emission 5 and that a slow pattern of light 4 is emitted from the VCSEL 1 at the angle θ away from the axis of emission 5. The speed dependent emission pattern is symmetrical in all directions perpendicular to the axis of emission 5.

[0007] In low speed applications, such as in Gigabit Ethernet applications, where only one Gigabits per second of modulation is needed, the presence of fast and slow patterns of light is not an issue, since the slower light is fast enough to catch up to the electrical modulation. However, when pushing to higher speeds, such as two and one-half Gigabits per second and beyond, the light having the slow modulation has caused significant degradation in the eye-diagram quality. The resulting jitter and eye-closure of the performance of the VCSEL-based device in such applications has greatly reduced the achievable optical link distance.

[0008] Thus, there is a need to either eliminate the slow light pattern 4 or to separate the slow light pattern 4 from the fast light pattern 3 so as to increase the achievable optical link distance of VCSEL-based devices at high modulation speeds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide a device which functionally eliminates the slow light pattern.

[0010] It is another object of the invention to provide a device which separates the slow light pattern from the fast light pattern.

[0011] It is still yet another object of the invention to provide a device which provides a jitter free and open-eye eye pattern resulting in an increase in the optical link distance at high modulation speeds.

[0012] In one form of the invention, the device includes a VCSEL, an optical fiber, and a lens. The VCSEL generates optical light signals having a spatial emission pattern based around an axis of emission. Light signals emitted from the VCSEL substantially along or near the axis of emission are known as high speed modulation patterns. Light signals emitted at angles away from the axis of emission are known as slow speed modulation patterns. Slow speed modulation patterns become slower as the angle between the emitted light signals and the axis of emission increase. The lens is selectively positioned between the VCSEL and the optical fiber for focusing the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber, and the lens substantially does not focus the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber.

[0013] In yet another form of the invention, the device includes a VCSEL, and an optical fiber. The VCSEL generates optical light signals having a spatial emission pattern based around an axis of emission. Light signals emitted from the VCSEL substantially along or near the axis of emission are known as high speed modulation patterns. Light signals emitted at angles away from the axis of emission are known as slow speed modulation patterns. Slow speed modulation patterns become slower as the angle between the emitted light signals and the axis of emission increase. The optical fiber is selectively positioned relative to the VCSEL so that the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals are introduced into the optical fiber, and so that the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals are substantially not introduced into the optical fiber.

[0014] In still yet another form of the invention, the device includes a VCSEL, an optical fiber, a lens, and an element having an aperture. The VCSEL generates optical light signals having a spatial emission pattern based around an axis of emission. Light signals emitted from the VCSEL substantially along or near the axis of emission are known as high speed modulation patterns. Light signals emitted at angles away from the axis of emission are known as slow speed modulation patterns. Slow speed modulation patterns become slower as the angle between the emitted light signals and the axis of emission increase. The aperture of the element having the aperture is sized so as to allow the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals to pass therethrough and the aperture is also sized so as to substantially prevent the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals from passing therethrough. The lens focuses the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber.

[0015] In still another form of the invention, the device includes a VCSEL, an optical fiber, and a lens. The VCSEL generates optical light signals having a spatial emission pattern based around an axis of emission. Light signals emitted from the VCSEL substantially along or near the axis of emission are known as high speed modulation patterns. Light signals emitted at angles away from the axis of emission are known as slow speed modulation patterns. Slow speed modulation patterns become slower as the angle between the emitted light signals and the axis of emission increase. The lens is positioned between the VCSEL and the optical fiber. The lens has an angular magnification for focusing the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber, and the lens substantially does not focus the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber.

[0016] In another form of the invention, the transceiver device includes a VCSEL, an aperture means, and an optical communications fiber. The VCSEL generates optical light signals characterized by a spatial emission pattern in which light emitted from the laser at greater angles from the axis of emission has slower modulation patterns. The aperture means through which light must pass for suppressing light being emitted at high emission angles which is subject to slow modulation patterns. The optical communications fiber receives and transmits light which traverses the means for defining an aperture.

[0017] Thus, the present invention provides a micro-optical interleaver/de-interleaver suitable for DWDM telecommunication applications where small channel spacing, for example, less than 50 GHz, is required. The interleaver in this design has narrow channel spacing, wide and flat top passband, low cross talk, and is compact and easy to align and manufacturing. Furthermore, another embodiment of the invention provides a passive temperature compensation scheme, so that the interleaver can be used without active temperature control.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0019]FIG. 1 is a side view of a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL);

[0020]FIG. 2 is a side view of a device incorporating elements of a first embodiment of the invention;

[0021]FIG. 3 is a side view of a device incorporating elements of a second embodiment of the invention;

[0022]FIG. 4 is a side view of a device incorporating elements of a third embodiment of the invention; and

[0023]FIG. 5 is a side view of a device incorporating elements of a fourth embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREDERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0024] Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and more particularly to FIG. 2 thereof, is a device incorporating elements of a first embodiment of the invention.

[0025]FIG. 2 is a side view of the device. The optoelectronic device includes a VCSEL 1, a lens 2, and an optical fiber 3. The optical fiber 3 includes a core 4 surrounded by cladding 5. The lens 2 is formed so as to discriminate between the high speed modulation patterns or the fast light pattern 7 emitted along, or only small angles away from, the axis of emission and slow speed modulation patterns or the slow light pattern 6 emitted at large angles away from the axis of emission. The lines between the VCSEL 1, the lens 2, and the optical fiber 3 indicate the direction of travel of the light emitted by the VCSEL 1. The lens 2 causes the slow light pattern or large angle light 6 to be out of focus and thus miss the core or aperture 4 of the optical fiber 3. However, the fast light pattern or low angle light 7 is focused into the core 4 of the optical fiber 3 as shown in FIG. 2. Therefore, the device selectively couples the fast or high speed light 7 into the optical fiber 3 while the slow speed light 6 is rejected.

[0026]FIG. 3 is a side view of a device incorporating elements of a second embodiment of the invention. The optoelectronic device includes a VCSEL 1, a lens 8, an element 9 having an aperture 12, and an optical fiber 3. The optical fiber 3 includes a core surrounded by cladding. The element 9 having the aperture 12 is sized so that the slow light pattern or high or large angle light 6 is incident on the element 9 and is not able to pass through the aperture 12 of the element 9. The element 9 having the aperture 12 is also sized so as to allow the fast light pattern 7 to pass through the aperture 12. The lens 8 is sized so that the fast light pattern 7 is focused on the optical fiber 3. The lens 8 need not be located adjacent to the aperture 12 of the element 9. The lens 8 and the element 9 having the aperture 12 can be located away from each other so long as the two element prevent the coupling of the low angle light 7 with the high angle light 6. Thus, the fast light pattern 7 is selectively coupled with the optical fiber 3.

[0027] In one form of the second embodiment of the invention, the core 4 of the optical fiber 3 acts as the aperture 12 of the element 9. No optics are needed in such a device. The optical fiber is positioned relative to the VCSEL so that the optical fiber itself acts as an aperture where the fast light pattern 7 enters the optical fiber 3 and the slow light pattern 6 is not incident on the optical fiber 3.

[0028]FIG. 4 is a side view of a device incorporating elements of a third embodiment of the invention. The optoelectronic device includes a VCSEL 1, a lens 10, and an optical fiber 3. The optical fiber 3 includes a core surrounded by cladding. The lens 10 has a relatively large angular magnification. The larger angular magnification of lens 10 couples less high-emission angle light 6 into the optical fiber 3 as compared to a similar lens having a smaller angular magnification. As shown in FIG. 4, the large angle light or slow light pattern 6 is not coupled with the optical fiber 3.

[0029]FIG. 5 is a side view of a device incorporating elements of a fourth embodiment of the invention. The optoelectronic device includes a VCSEL 1, a lens 8, an element 11 having an aperture 13, and an optical fiber 3. The optical fiber includes a core surrounded by cladding. The element 1 having the aperture 13 is sized so that the slow light pattern or high or large angle light 6 is incident on the element 11. The element 11 is transparent and as such does not block the light, however, the element 11 does disperse the slow light pattern 6 in a direction other than into the optical fiber 3. The element 11 having the aperture 13 is also sized so as to allow the fast light pattern 7 to pass through the aperture 13. The lens 8 is sized so that the fast light pattern 7 is focused on the optical fiber 3. The lens 8 need not be located adjacent to the aperture 13 of the element 11. The lens 8 and the element 11 having the aperture 13 can be located away from each other so long as the two element prevent the coupling of the low angle light 7 with the high angle light 6. Thus, the fast light pattern 7 is selectively coupled with the optical fiber 3. The element 11 having the aperture 13 is also known as a soft aperture.

[0030] Therefore, by limiting the emission pattern of the VCSEL, the high-speed optical waveform can be optimized. All of the above-mentioned embodiments provide such a result. These designs provide for VCSEL-based optoelectronic devices capable of operating at high modulation speeds while maintaining a clean eye-diagram and having low jitter. Such VCSEL-based optoelectronic devices provide for greatly extended optical link distances.

[0031] Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. 

1. An optoelectronic device comprising: a vertical cavity surface emitting laser for generating optical light signals having a spatial emission pattern based around an axis of emission, light signals emitted from the vertical cavity surface emitting laser substantially along or near the axis of emission are known as high speed modulation patterns, and light signals emitted at angles away from the axis of emission are known as slow speed modulation patterns, and wherein the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals become slower as the angle between the emitted light signals and the axis of emission is increased; an optical fiber; and a lens selectively positioned between the vertical cavity surface emitting laser and the optical fiber for focusing the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber, and wherein the lens substantially does not focus the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber.
 2. An optoelectronic device according to claim 1 wherein the optical fiber includes a core surrounded by cladding, and wherein the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals are focused on the core.
 3. An optoelectronic device according to claim 2 wherein the vertical cavity surface emitting laser is modulated at a speed substantially equal to two and one-half Gigabits per second.
 4. An optoelectronic device according to claim 2 wherein the vertical cavity surface emitting laser is modulated at speeds above two and one-half Gigabits per second.
 5. An optoelectronic device comprising: a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser for generating optical light signals having a spatial emission pattern based around an axis of emission, light signals emitted from the vertical cavity surface emitting laser substantially along or near the axis of emission are known as high speed modulation patterns, and light signals emitted at angles away from the axis of emission are known as slow speed modulation patterns, and wherein the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals become slower as the angle between the emitted light signals and the axis of emission is increased; and an optical fiber positioned relative to the vertical cavity surface emitting laser so that the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals are introduced into the optical fiber and so that the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals are substantially not introduced into the optical fiber.
 6. An optoelectronic device according to claim 5 wherein the optical fiber includes a core surrounded by cladding, and wherein the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals are focused on the core.
 7. An optoelectronic device according to claim 6 wherein the vertical cavity surface emitting laser is modulated at a speed substantially equal to two and one-half Gigabits per second.
 8. An optoelectronic device according to claim 6 wherein the vertical cavity surface emitting laser is modulated at speeds above two and one-half Gigabits per second.
 9. An optoelectronic device comprising: a vertical cavity surface emitting laser for generating optical light signals having a spatial emission pattern based around an axis of emission, light signals emitted from the vertical cavity surface emitting laser substantially along or near the axis of emission are known as high speed modulation patterns, and light signals emitted at angles away from the axis of emission are known as slow speed modulation patterns, and wherein the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals become slower as the angle between the emitted light signals and the axis of emission is increased; an element having an aperture, the aperture sized so as to allow the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals to pass therethrough, and the aperture sized so as to substantially prevent the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals from passing therethrough; an optical fiber; and a lens for focusing the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber.
 10. An optoelectronic device according to claim 9 wherein the optical fiber includes a core surrounded by cladding, and wherein the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals are focused on the core.
 11. An optoelectronic device according to claim 10 wherein the vertical cavity surface emitting laser is modulated at a speed substantially equal to two and one-half Gigabits per second.
 12. An optoelectronic device according to claim 10 wherein the vertical cavity surface emitting laser is modulated at speeds above two and one-half Gigabits per second.
 13. An optoelectronic device according to claim 10 wherein the element is substantially opaque to slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals.
 14. An optoelectronic device according to claim 10 wherein the element is made of a material that is transparent and diffuses slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals away from the optical fiber.
 15. An optoelectronic device comprising: a vertical cavity surface emitting laser for generating optical light signals having a spatial emission pattern based around an axis of emission, light signals emitted from the vertical cavity surface emitting laser substantially along or near the axis of emission are known as high speed modulation patterns, and light signals emitted at angles away from the axis of emission are known as slow speed modulation patterns, and wherein the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals become slower as the angle between the emitted light signals and the axis of emission is increased; an optical fiber; and a lens positioned between the vertical cavity surface emitting laser and the optical fiber, the lens having an angular magnification for focusing the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber, and wherein the lens substantially does not focus the slow speed modulation patterns of the light signals on the optical fiber.
 16. An optoelectronic device according to claim 15 wherein the optical fiber includes a core surrounded by cladding, and wherein the high speed modulation patterns of the light signals are focused on the core.
 17. An optoelectronic device according to claim 16 wherein the vertical cavity surface emitting laser is modulated at a speed substantially equal to two and one-half Gigabits per second.
 18. An optoelectronic device according to claim 16 wherein the vertical cavity surface emitting laser is modulated at speeds above two and one-half Gigabits per second.
 19. A transceiver subassembly for use in converting electrical to photonic signals for use in high-speed fiber optic communications systems, comprising: a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser for generating optical signals characterized by a spatial emission pattern in which light emitted from the laser at greater angles from the axis of emission has slower modulation patterns; aperture means through which the light must pass for suppressing light being emitted at high emission angles which is subject to slow modulation patterns; and an optical communications fiber from receiving and transmitting light which traverses said means for defining an aperture.
 20. An optoelectronic device according to claim 19 wherein the vertical cavity surface emitting laser is modulated at a speed substantially equal to two and one-half Gigabits per second. 